Are you telling me that accomplice liability isn’t the law anywhere? Hmm. Interesting. Wrong, but interesting.
I will stipulate that there’s obviously more nuance to it. Like if everyone goes to shoplift and one dude, unbeknownst to everyone, brings a gun and kills the clerk, that’s different. But if all of them roll up with the intent to use force, and one guy goes too far, they’ll all be charged with murder. That’s why there are people on death row in shooting deaths who never pulled the trigger or touched the gun. That’s not speculation, that’s fact. I’ve worked on appeals investigations for one or two of them. One juror I spoke to looked sick to his stomach when I told him the gunman got life while the accomplice got the death penalty.
“If four guys go into a store to steal something, and one guy pulls out a gun (or even just gets in a scuffle with) and kills the cashier, all four are arrested for murder. Many people have been executed in the United States under the idea of accomplice liability.”
Here, you seem to be implying that all four could be charged with a capital offense under your hypothetical. This is not so.
First of all, that’s not a capital offense. Capital offenses have an intentional murder plus an enumerated circumstance elevating the murder. It looks like you’re describing shoplifting or some other basic theft; there is no corresponding capital offense for murder during the course of a theft.
If you add some facts, like you did in your response, maybe you could get to a burglary or robbery, and a murder during the course of a first- or second-degree burglary or robbery is a capital offense, but then you run into a bigger problem that is absolutely fatal — capital murder requires a specific intent to kill. If four guys go into steal something and one of them decides to kill someone, the other three cannot be convicted of a capital offense. Only those that intended that a person be killed could be convicted of a capital offense.
Maybe you could argue felony murder, because that doesn’t require a specific intent to kill, but only the intent to commit the underlying felony. However, my thoughts on that are most thefts aren’t felonies and, even if the guys in your hypothetical are committing a felony theft, theft isn’t enumerated in the felony murder statute. There is a catch-all for other inherently dangerous felonies; if you want to make the case that shoplifting is inherently dangerous, good luck. If you’re talking about a murder during the course of a first- or second-degree burglary or robbery, then, yes, the other three could get felony murder.
To your broader point, sure, accomplice liability does apply to capital offenses. Ulysses Charles Sneed, for instance, is on death row as a non-triggerman — if I recall correctly, he and another entered a gas station to commit a robbery. Both were armed and his accomplice killed the cashier. Sneed got the capital offense based on a jury finding that he intended the death, even though he wasn’t directly responsible. Also, he was held vicariously liable for the manner in which his accomplice committed the murder as the aggravator heinous, atrocious, or cruel was hung on him. But you’ve got to have the intent to kill to get convicted of a capital offense. Just being present isn’t enough.